Majorities of endocrinology

The endócrino system is a set of organs and weaves of the organism that release a type of called substances hormones. The endócrinos organs also denominate glands endócrinas, because their secretions directly free in the sanguineous torrent unlike the glands exócrinas (they release to the outside)
The hormones secretadas by the glands endócrinas regulate the growth, the development and the functions of many weaves, and coordinate the metabolic processes of the organism.

The endocrinology is the science that studies the glands endócrinas, the hormonal substances that produce these glands, their physiological effects, as well as the diseases and upheavals due to alterations of their function.

The weaves that produce hormones can classify in three groups:

* Glands endócrinas (whose function is the exclusive hormone production ej.: thyroid)
* Glands endo-exócrinas (that also produce another type of hormone secretions in addition ej.: the pancreas)
* Nonglandular weaves (like the nervous weave of the independent system nervous, that produce substances similar to hormones)

HORMONAL METABOLISM

The well-known hormones belong to three chemical groups: proteins, steroids and amines. The hormone synthesis takes place inside the cells and, in most of the cases, the product is stored in its interior until it is released in the blood. Nevertheless, the thyroid and the ovaries contain special zones for the hormone storage.
The liberation of hormones depends on the levels in blood of other hormones and certain metabolic products under hormonal influence, as well as on the nervous stimulation with the result of circulating hormone levels in a constant balance. This mechanism, that knows like homeostasis or negative refeeding, is similar to the system of activation of a thermostat by the temperature of a room to ignite or to extinguish a boiler.
The hormone liberation is also regulated by the amount of circulating substances in blood, whose presence or use is under hormonal control.
The hormones exert many of their metabolic and morphologic effects by their action on cellular membranes or enzymes, by means of the regulation of the expression of the genes or by means of the control of the ion liberation or other small molecules.

UPHEAVALS OF FUNCTION ENDOCRINA

Hiperfunción
The excess of activity and increase of hormonal production is due to the hyperfunction of a gland can be caused by a producing hormone tumor that is benign or, with less frequency, malignant. Actually daily veterinary medicine the frequent diseases but with hyperfunction are:

* Primary Hiperparatiroidismo
* Hiperadrenocorticismo (syndrome of Cushing)
* Insulinoma (hiperinsulinismo)

Hipofunción
The insufficient activity can be due to congenital defects, cancer, inflammatory injuries, degeneration, upheavals of the hipófisis that affects the organs, traumatismos, or, in the case of tiroidea disease, iodine deficit. But the frequent ones are:

* Hipopitutarismo
* Hipotiroidismo
* Primary Hipoparatiroidismo
* Hipoadrenocorticismo (syndrome of Adisson)
* Diabetes mellitus (Hipoinsulinismo)
* Insipid diabetes

Bibliography

Author: MV Adelaida A. Goldman

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